Estimated direct Cost of Non Europe (€ billion per annum)

It is estimated that the direct CoNE are in the range between € 35.9 billion to € 75.2
billion. As indicated in Table 2 , the mid-point of this range is around € 55.6 billion.
These bulk of these costs are driven by the costs related to low adoption of cloud
computing. The wide presence of IT systems and the reported scale of the benefits for
users from cloud computing (cautiously assumed to be15-30 per cent of IT costs in this
study) explain the magnitude of the estimates that are broadly in line with existing
literature and sources reviewed.