Table 1 – Overview of topics addressed by each Head of State or Government

Lastly, a common message voiced was the need to reform the EU. While a number expressed some criticism at the performance of the EU, others saw the need to reform in relation to the challenges the EU is facing. In both cases, the preferred option supported by the EU Heads of State or Government was to conduct this reform within the current Treaty framework, as it was flexible enough to accommodate many of the needed changes. Many, such as the Prime Minister of Belgium, Charles Michel, believed that Treaty change would at this moment ‘even be counterproductive’. In this context, some stressed the possibility of making use of enhanced cooperation, while others opposed a multi-speed Europe.